Issue: The ability of the police dog to testify, and what the state need to do to insure that the police dog’s actions can be testified to by his handler.
Submitted by New Jersey Criminal Lawyer, Jeffrey Hark
Facts:
At the suppression hearing, the arresting officer testified he stopped defendant in August 2016 because the car he was driving had a cracked windshield and tinted front windows. After defendant told the officer his license was suspended and the officer discovered an outstanding warrant for defendant’s arrest, defendant was arrested. In the course of a search incident to that arrest, the officer discovered $66 in small bills wrapped in a single black rubber band, $1900 wrapped in a ball secured by two black rubber bands and $100 in loose cash in defendant’s front pants pocket. Suspicious about the amount of money and the way it was bundled and not satisfied with defendant’s explanation for it, the officer asked to search the car. When defendant refused, the officer called for a drug dog.
In the course of conducting an exterior sniff of the car, the dog indicated she detected the odor of narcotics at the front passenger side door. A search of the car revealed eight orange bags of cocaine between the driver’s seat and the center console.
STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. RANARD K. BAYARD, aka RANARD BARARD
Issue here: The police dog’s handle’s training and experience as the assigned K-9 officer on the police force.
The dog’s handler testified to his training and the dog’s. The officer explained he had worked as part of the K9 unit for eighteen months prior to the search of defendant’s car. He began working with the dog, Mai, two months into his assignment. Both attended the Voorhees K9 training program, receiving certifications for patrol in June 2015 and narcotics in January 2016. According to the officer, patrol training included agility work, as well as searching and tracking. In narcotics training, the dog learned to identify the odors of different narcotics, including marijuana, cocaine, crack cocaine base, crack, heroin and methamphetamines.
The court admitted a “CV” for the officer and Mai, which detailed the dog’s sixteen weeks of patrol training and ten weeks of narcotics training, as well as monthly in-service training, and noted that she and her handler had been evaluated in January 2016 by a supervising specialty K9 trainer of the New Jersey Police K9 Association and the team deemed suitable for specialty narcotics detection. The CV asserted Mai was reliable and consistent in detecting the specific substances she had been trained to recognize and that in twenty field sniffs for narcotics, the dog made twelve positive indications and nine “[f]inds,” meaning she had been correct about the presence of drugs seventy-five percent of the time since January 2016. The court also admitted the team’s detailed training logs from the ten weeks of narcotics training.
In a detailed opinion delivered from the bench, Judge Polansky summarized the testimony of the two officers, both of whom he found good, credible witnesses, who answered questions on direct and cross-examination fully and undefensively, addressed the case law relied on by the defense, and methodically stepped through each event from the officer’s reasonable suspicion for the stop through the probable cause for defendant’s arrest, the results of the ensuing search and the officer’s reasonable and articulable suspicion for ordering the canine sniff.2 The judge next proceeded to analyze whether the State had sufficiently established the dog’s reliability under Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237, 246-47 (2013), to support probable cause to search the car under State v. Witt, 223 N.J. 409, 450 (2015). Subsequent to the court’s consideration of this motion, our Supreme Court ruled reasonable suspicion for a canine sniff is unnecessary where, as here, the stop was not prolonged for that purpose, State v. Dunbar, 229 N.J. 521, 540 (2017), aligning our law with the federal standard, see Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. ____, ____, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1616 (2015).
Judge Polansky cogently and comprehensively addressed the evidence in the record regarding the dog’s reliability, including the fourteen months of training records, and rejected, based on that evidence and Harris, defendant’s challenge to the canine sniff. Specifically, the judge found in pertinent part:
The fact that this dog only gave a positive indication in 12 of 20 searches coupled with the training information does not suggest any issue that there is a tendency of the handler to cue the dog since the dog was even in the field not responding in 40 percent of the searches. And as the Court in Florida v. Harris indicated, positive indications by a dog in the field as opposed to in the controlled training setting is not an indication of dog unreliability since the mere fact that drugs are not found doesn’t answer the question, one, as to whether drugs had been in the car previously, whether someone had touched the door handle or had touched the car who had handled drugs or that the drugs were sufficiently hidden that despite the positive sniff they were not discovered in the vehicle. It’s very common for drugs to be hidden in hidden compartments when being transported in vehicles. So the fact that this dog on three occasions in the field indicated positive, however, no drugs were found, as recognized in Florida v. Harris, is not a good indication that this dog is not reliable.
Defendant was already under arrest on an outstanding warrant when the arresting officer called for a canine sniff of defendant’s car. I also note in Florida v. Harris, unlike here, here this dog’s certification was current. In Florida v. Harris, the dog’s certification had expired prior to the time of the search. Here, the circumstances giving rise to probable cause I do find to have been unforeseeable and spontaneous. Officers were not looking for an excuse to stop this vehicle. This vehicle was stopped as a result of observed violations of motor vehicle laws. Additionally, the reasonable articulable suspicion for the dog sniff in the first instance did not arise until after Mr. Bayard was placed under arrest, number one, because he had an outstanding warrant which was not — it existed but it was not known by the officer; and, two, he had a suspended driver’s license. So the fact that the breakup of the money that was found and the way it was packaged and the significant amount of money would certainly not have been something officers would have been aware of. That was unforeseeable at the time.
Since I do find that the various factors including the dog sniff rise to the level of probable cause, under State v. Witt and State v. Alston, here officers were permitted to conduct a search of the vehicle. That search uncovered the drugs. Therefore, based upon for all those reasons, the motion to suppress will be denied.
In other words, the state has to prove at the suppression hearing, by a preponderance o the evidence, that there was probable cause to call the police dog out from the begging of the stop to conduct the sniff. In other words, the officer has to have a preliminary basis that there is a violation of law which the calling of the dog to sniff can further the investigation to prove criminality. Once the dog is ‘correctly called to the scene’ then the first part of this case addressing the credentials and training of hte officer and the dog come into play and this case aligns New Jersey with the federal court decision on the very same issue.
The appellate court ruled, consistent with SCOTUS decision, US v. Harris: 568 U.S. at 246, that “Evidence of a dog’s satisfactory performance in a certification or training program can itself provide sufficient reason to trust his alert. If a bona fide organization has certified a dog after testing his reliability in a controlled setting, a court can presume (subject to any conflicting evidence offered) that the dog’s alert provides probable cause to search. The same is true, even in the absence of formal certification, if the dog has recently and successfully completed a training program that evaluated his proficiency in locating drugs. Accepting defendant’s argument that the State failed to establish the dog’s certification by a bona fide organization would not invalidate this search. The trial court made extensive findings about the dog’s reliability based on her recent completion of “a training program that evaluated [her] proficiency in locating drugs,” id. at 247, a finding defendant does not challenge on appeal, and one which we find well supported in the record and thus binding on appeal. See State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 269 (2015) (“[A]n appellate tribunal must defer to the factual findings of the trial court when that court has made its findings based on the testimonial and documentary evidence presented at an evidentiary hearing.”).
Accordingly, we affirm the denial of defendant’s suppression motion and his conviction and sentence, essentially for the reasons expressed by Judge Polansky in his thoughtful and thorough opinion from the bench on May 4, 2017, and remand for vacation of the stay of the custodial portion of defendant’s sentence.